Nicolaus Copernicus

**Nicolaus Copernicus**
	Nicolaus Copernicus
	; Larawan ibat king Toruń, umpisa ning kalabing anam a siglu o dilanua
Mibait	Pebreru 19 1473,; Toruń (Thorn), Royal Prussia, Poland
Kematyan	Mayu 24 1543 (maki edad a 70),; Frombork (Frauenburg), Warmia, Poland;
Taldawa	Mathematician, astronomer, jurist, physician, classical scholar, Catholic cleric, governor, military commander, diplomat, economist
Alma mater	Jagiellonian University, Bologna University, University of Padua, University of Ferrara
Doctoral magaral	Georg Joachim Rheticus
Bantug keng	Heliocentrism
Kasalpantayanan kabilian	Roman Catholic
	Pirma;

I Nicolaus Copernicus (a misusulat muring Mikołaj Kopernik o Nikolas Koppernigk, Toruń, Royal Prussia, Polonia (Poland), Febreru 19, 1473 - Frombork, Royal Prussia, Polonia, Mayu 24, 1543), metung yang astronomer a Polaco (Polish).^[1] Ya ing mumunang astronomer a migbalangkas king metung a sistemang heliocentric (makasentru king Aldo) a minalili king Yatu antimong sentru ning sikluban (universe). Ing kayang makasalesayan a libru, ing De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, Dikil kareng Pamandurut/Rebolusion da reng Bola king Banua), ing tuturing dang umpisa ning makabayung astronomy, ampo ing pinandit ning pamangising a pigmulan ning Rebolusion king Siensia.

Lon la murin deti

Notes

↑ Tungkul king bangsa nang Copernicus, a pididibatian da reng Aleman (German) ampong Polaco, anti ing mayayakit kareng Wikipediang Polaco ampong Aleman, lilino ya ing kabilian nung lon ta la reng makatuking kataya, a mebanggit king Castilang Wikipedia: "His country was the province of ancient Royal Prussia, composed of his native Torun and Warmia, both components of the Polish state since 1454" - Barbara Bieńkowska: The Scientific World of Copernicus on the Occasion of the 500th Anniversary of His Birth 1473-1973, 1973, p. 137

Dalerayan

Armitage, Angus (1951). The World of Copernicus. New York, NY: Mentor Books. ISBN 0-8464-0979-8.
Coyne, George V., S.J. (2005). The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth, In McMullin (2005, pp.340–59).
DeMarco, Peter (2004-04-13). Book quest took him around the globe. Boston Globe. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
Dobrzycki, Jerzy, and Leszek Hajdukiewicz, "Kopernik, Mikołaj," Polski słownik biograficzny (Polish Biographical Dictionary), vol. XIV, Wrocław, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1969, pp. 3–16.
Fantoli, Annibale (2005). The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial, In McMullin (2005, pp.117–49).
Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06662-6.
Gagné, Marc (2005). Texts from The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History edited and translated by Maurice A. Finocchiaro. West Chester University course ESS 362/562 in History of Astronomy. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved on 2008-01-15. (Extracts from Finocchiaro (1989))
Gingerich, Owen (2004). The Book Nobody Read. London: William Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-01315-3.
David C. Goodman and Colin A. Russell, eds. (1991). The Rise of Scientific Europe, 1500-1800. Dunton Green, Sevenoaks, Kent: Hodder & Stoughton: The Open University. ISBN 0-340-55861-X.
Heilbron, John L. (2005). Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo, In McMullin (2005, pp.279–322).
Koestler, Arthur [1959] (1963). The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe. New York, NY: Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 0448001594. Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London).
Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0504-1.
Kuhn, Thomas (1957). The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-17100-4.
Lindberg, David C. and Numbers, Ronald L.. Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science. American Scientific Affiliation article. Retrieved on 2007-04-22. - Paper originally published in Church History (Vol. 55, No. 3, Sept. 1986).
McMullin, Ernan, ed. (2005). The Church and Galileo. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-03483-4.
Rabin, Sheila (2005). Copernicus. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2005 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved on 2008-05-26.
Rosen, Edward (1995). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. ISBN 1 85285 071 X.
Rosen, Edward (translator) [1939] (2004). Three Copernican Treatises:The Commentariolus of Copernicus; The Letter against Werner; The Narratio Prima of Rheticus, Second Edition, revised, New York, NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 0486436055.
Russell, Jeffrey Burton [1991] (1997). Inventing the Flat Earth—Columbus and Modern Historians. New York, NY: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-95904-X.

Suglung palual

Primary Sources

Works by Nicolaus Copernicus at Project Gutenberg
De Revolutionibus, autograph manuscript Archived Juliu 28, 2005 at the Wayback Machine — Full digital facsimile, Jagiellonian University
Template:Pl icon Copernicus's letters to various celebrities, among others the King Sigmundus I of Poland Archived Pebreru 11, 2009 at the Wayback Machine

General

O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Nicolaus Copernicus", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews .
Copernicus in Torun
Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork
Portraits of Copernicus: Copernicus's face reconstructed; Portrait Archived Setyembri 27, 2007 at the Wayback Machine; Nicolaus Copernicus
Copernicus and Astrology — Cambridge University: Copernicus had – of course – teachers with astrological activities and his tables were later used by astrologers.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
Find-A-Grave profile for Nicolaus Copernicus
'Body of Copernicus' identified — BBC article including image of Copernicus using facial reconstruction based on located skull
Copernicus and Astrology
Nicolaus Copernicus on the 1000 Polish Zloty banknote. Archived Pebreru 5, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
Parallax and the Earth's orbit [1]
Copernicus's model for Mars [2]
Retrograde Motion [3]
Copernicus's explanation for retrograde motion [4]
Geometry of Maximum Elongation [5]
Copernican Model [6]

About De Revolutionibus

The Copernican Universe from the De Revolutionibus
De Revolutionibus, 1543 first edition Archived Marsu 14, 2009 at the Wayback Machine — Full digital facsimile, Lehigh University
The front page of the De Revolutionibus Archived Juniu 18, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
The text of the De Revolutionibus
A java applet about Retrograde Motion
The Antikythera Calculator (Italian and English versions)
Pastore Giovanni, ANTIKYTHERA E I REGOLI CALCOLATORI, Rome, 2006, privately published

Legacy

Invalid language code. Copernicus in Bologna — in Italian
Chasing Copernicus: The Book Nobody Read — Was One of the Greatest Scientific Works Really Ignored? All Things Considered. NPR
Copernicus and his Revolutions — A detailed critique of the rhetoric of De Revolutionibus
Article which discusses Copernicus's debt to the Arabic tradition

German-Polish cooperation

(German)Template:Pl icon German-Polish school project on Copernicus^{[suglung a mepatad]}
(German)(English)Template:Pl icon Büro Kopernikus - An initiative of German Federal Cultural Foundation Archived Nobyembri 13, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
(German)Template:Pl icon German-Polish "Copernicus Prize" awarded to German and Polish scientists (DFG website Archived Eneru 25, 2009 at the Wayback Machine) (FNP website Archived Oktubri 26, 2008 at the Wayback Machine)

Ing artíkulung ini metung yang súlî. Makasáup ka king Wikipedia kapamílatan ning pámandagdag kaniti.

[1] Tungkul king bangsa nang Copernicus, a pididibatian da reng Aleman (German) ampong Polaco, anti ing mayayakit kareng Wikipediang Polaco ampong Aleman, lilino ya ing kabilian nung lon ta la reng makatuking kataya, a mebanggit king Castilang Wikipedia: "His country was the province of ancient Royal Prussia, composed of his native Torun and Warmia, both components of the Polish state since 1454" - Barbara Bieńkowska: The Scientific World of Copernicus on the Occasion of the 500th Anniversary of His Birth 1473-1973, 1973, p. 137

[1]