Calculator

Para keng aliwang gamit, lawen ye ing Calculator (disambiguation).

Ing calculator metung yang kasangkapan a gagamitan para king pamanguenta o pamangarculang pang-matematica. Aliwa ya king computer uling limitadu ing kagiwan nang maglutas o munie solucion king problema. Maliari lang hardware (kasangkapan) o software (computer program) deng calculator, at maliari lang mechanical (maquinang gawa kareng kikimut a parti o dake) o electronic, at maralas, makapalub na la o kayabe kareng gamit antimo deng PDA o cellphone.

Deng makabayung electronic calculator keraklan malati la, digital, (keraklan mipagiu la king bulsa) at keraklan mura. Bukud kareng calculator a pangkabilugan a gamit (general purpose calculators), ating para kareng particular a gagamit, alimbawa deng scientific calculator, a maki operation a mas complicadu kesa king kabud mu arithmetic o simpling pamanguenta, alimbawa deng pamangarculang trigonometric and statistical. Atin ping calculator a agiu rang gawang computer algebra. Deng graphing calculator, maliari lang gamitan bang mag-graph kareng function a makatuldu king real line, o mas matas dimension a Euclidean space. Nanupata, atin la pang aliwang silbi. Mas apidala-dala mu la deng calculator cumpara kareng computer, dapot deng PDA alus kasindagul do reng handheld calculator o calculator a tatalnan king gamat.

Lon la murin

General interest

Mechanical calculators

Electronic calculators

Notes

Dalerayan

Hamrick, Kathy B. (1996-10). "The History of the Hand-Held Electronic Calculator". The American Mathematical Monthly 103 (8): 633–639. doi:10.2307/2974875. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. http://www.jstor.org/pss/2974875. Retrieved on 2008-09-23.
Turck, J.A.V. (1921). Origin of Modern Calculating Machines. The Western Society of Engineers. Reprinted by Arno Press, 1972 ISBN 0-405-04730-4.

Karagdagang babasan

U.S. Patent 2,668,661 – Complex computer – G. R. Stibitz, Bell Laboratories, 1954 (filed 1941, refiled 1944), electromechanical (relay) device that could calculate complex numbers, record, and print results by teletype
U.S. Patent 3,819,921 – Miniature electronic calculator – J. S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, 1974 (originally filed 1967), handheld (3 lb, 1.4 kg) battery operated electronic device with thermal printer
- The Japanese Patent Office granted a patent in June 1978 to Texas Instruments (TI) based on US patent 3819921, notwithstanding objections from 12 Japanese calculator manufacturers. This gave TI the right to claim royalties retroactively to the original publication of the Japanese patent application in August 1974. A TI spokesman said that it would actively seek what was due, either in cash or technology cross-licensing agreements. Nineteen other countries, including the United Kingdom, had already granted a similar patent to Texas Instruments. – New Scientist, 17 August 1978 p455, and Practical Electronics (British publication), October 1978 p1094.
U.S. Patent 4,001,566 – Floating Point Calculator With RAM Shift Register - 1977 (originally filed GB March 1971, US July 1971), very early single chip calculator claim.
U.S. Patent 5,623,433 – Extended Numerical Keyboard with Structured Data-Entry Capability – J. H. Redin, 1997 (originally filed 1996), Usage of Verbal Numerals as a way to enter a number.
European Patent Office Database - Many patents about mechanical calculators are in classifications G06C15/04, G06C15/06, G06G3/02, G06G3/04

Suglung palual

Programmable calculators Specifications and description of many (programmable) calculators
On TI's US Patent No. 3819921 – From TI's own website
30th Anniversary of the Calculator – From Sharp's web presentation of its history; including a picture of the CS-10A desktop calculator
The Old Calculator Web Museum - Documents the technology of desktop calculators, mainly early electronics
History of Mechanical Calculators
Vintage Calculators Web Museum - Shows the development from mechanical calculators to pocket electronic calculators
The Museum of HP calculators (slide rules/mech. section)
Soviet Calculators Collection Archived Juniu 18, 2005 at the Wayback Machine - A big collection of Soviet made calculators
MyCalcDB - Database for 1970s and 1980s calculators
Microprocessor and single chip calculator history; foundations in Glenrothes, Scotland Archived Juliu 20, 2011 at the Wayback Machine
HP-35 Archived Pebreru 11, 2015 at the Wayback Machine - A thorough analysis of the HP-35 firmware including the Cordic algorithms and the bugs in the early ROM
Bell Punch Company and the development of the Anita calculator - The story of the first electronic desktop calculator
Busicom LE-120A "HANDY" electronic calculator Archived Eneru 17, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Handheld mechanical calculator photos and manuals
JavaScript Calculator Widget - Example of an online calculator widget developed using Web standards (XHTML, CSS, and JavaScript)