Timbuktu

Timbuktu
Tombouctou

—  City  —
transcription(s)
- Koyra Chiini:	Tumbutu
Sankore Mosque in Timbuktu Sankore Mosque in Timbuktu
Mapang magpalto kareng rutang caravan a lilipat king Sahara anyang manga 1400. Makalto ya mu naman ing Imperyong Ghana (anggang ka-13 a dilanwa o siglu) ampo ing Imperyung Mali anyang ka-13 anggang ka-15 a siglu. Pansinan me ing ruta manibat Djenné a dadalan king Timbuktu papunta king Sijilmassa. Ing lugal a ngeni Niger maki kule yang dilo. Mapang magpalto kareng rutang caravan a lilipat king Sahara anyang manga 1400. Makalto ya mu naman ing Imperyong Ghana (anggang ka-13 a dilanwa o siglu) ampo ing Imperyung Mali anyang ka-13 anggang ka-15 a siglu. Pansinan me ing ruta manibat Djenné a dadalan king Timbuktu papunta king Sijilmassa. Ing lugal a ngeni Niger maki kule yang dilo.
Location of Timbuktu within Mali
Coordinates: Template:CountryAbbr2 16°46′33″N, 3°00′34″W
Country	Mali Azawad
Labwad	Tombouctou Region
Cercle	Timbuktu Cercle
Settled	12th century
Katas/kabilian	856 ft (261 m)
Populasiun (2009)
- Kabilugan	54,453
Template:Designation list

Ing Timbuktu (English pronunciation:  /ˌtɪmbʌkˈtuː/; French: Tombouctou ágkas yang: [tɔ̃bukˈtu]; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu), sadya mu namang misusulat a Timbuctoo ampong Timbuktoo, metung yang balen king bansa king Albugang Africa ning Mali a atyu king pangulu ning Ilug Niger king mauling gilid ning Sahara Desert. Ing balen ing buntuk balen o kapitolyu ning Labwad Timbuktu, metung kareng walung labwad a administratibu ning Mali. Maki populasyun yang 54,453 anyang 2009 census.

Migumpisa ya antimong pana-panaun a tutuknangan ing Timbuktu, a meging permanenting balayan anyang mumuna nang dake ning ka-12 a dilanwa. Kaybat dang minaliwa deng ruta ning kalakal (trading routes), misaplala ya ing uli ning negosyu king asin, gintu, garing (ivory) ampong alipan, at megi yang dake ning Imperyu ning Mali anyang mumuna nang dake ning ka-13 a dilanwa. Anyang mumuna nang dake ning ka-15 a dilanwa, telan de reng tribung Tuareg king saguling panaun, bayu ne ikwa ning daragul a Imperyu ning Songhay anyang 1468. Simbut ne ning ukbung Moroccan ing Songhay anyang 1591, at gewa neng balwarti ing Timbuktu, lipat ning Gao. Ginawa lang bayung uring makababo deng sinakup, deng arma, a kaybat ning 1612 meging timawa king Morocco. Nanupata, yari na ing ginintuan a panaun ning lakanbalen, at linub ya king malambat a panaun ning pamagbaba kabilyan. Dakal lang tribu deng menibala kaniti, anggang dinatang la reng Frances anyang 1893, at makanyan ing kabilyan anggang iti megi yang dake ning kasalukuyan a Republica ning Mali anyang 1960. King salukuyan, kalulu ya ing Timbuktu, magi yang desyertu. Panigobran dong samasan kabilyan deng makasalesayan a manuskritung makasinup pa murin king lakanbalen. Samantala, maragul yang dake nign panakitan ning lugal ing turismu.

Anyang Ginintuan a Panaun, mika maulagang kalakal kareng libru uling kareng dakal a manigaral king Islam ampong maleparan a pamiugnayan king kalakal: kayabe kareng kampus ning Sankore Madrasah, metung a universidad a Muslim, mitikdo ya ing Timbuktu antimong sentru ning pamanigaral king Africa. Dakal la reng talasulat king kasalesayan, alimbawa i Shabeni ampo i Leo Africanus, a miglarawan king Timbuktu. Deti mengising lang pamangutang king Europa, nung nu minalis ing paglalawe da king lakanbalen maninat king lugal a misnang mabandi, king lugal a misteryosu. Ini ing paglalaweng mibabo king makabayung panaun, anya king kultura ning Albugan, ing lagyu na mengabaldugan yang lugal a masyadung malaut o aliwang dili.

Anyang 1 Abril 2012, metung a aldo kaybat ning pangakwa king Gao, asakup de king militar ning Mali ing Timbuktu deng rebelding Tuareg ning MNLA ampong Ansar Dine. Five days later, the MNLA declared the region independent of Mali as the nation of Azawad. E ne kikilalanan ning sanumang bangsa o ning komunidad a internasyunal ing bayung deklarang lugal kabilyan a pampulitika.

Lon la murin

• List of cities in Mali

Dalerayan

• Abitbol, Michel (1979) (in French), Tombouctou et les Arma: de la conquête marocaine du Soudan nigérien en 1591 à l'hégémonie de l'empire Peulh du Macina en 1833, Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, ISBN 2-7068-0770-9 .
• Barth, Heinrich (1857), Travels and discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a journal of an expedition undertaken under the auspices of H. B. M.'s government, in the years 1849–1855. (3 Vols), New York: Harper & Brothers . Google books: Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3.
• Black, Crofton (2002), "Leo Africanus's "Descrittione dell'Africa" and its sixteenth-century translations", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes (The Warburg Institute) 65: 262–272 .
• Caillié, Réné (1830), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley . Google books: Volume 1, Volume 2.
• Cisse, Mamadou (2011), Archaeological Investigations of Early Trade and Urbanism at Gao Saney (Mali), Ph.D. Thesis, Rice University, Department of Anthropology .
• Cleaveland, Timothy (2008), "Timbuktu and Walata: lineages and higher education", in Jeppie, Shamil; Diagne, Souleymane Bachir, The Meanings of Timbuktu, Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp. 77–91, ISBN 978-0-7969-2204-5, Archived from the original on 2021-04-24, https://web.archive.org/web/20210424085246/http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/The_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_6_-_Timbuktu_and_Walata__lineages_and_higher_education.pdf, retrieved on 2012-07-06 .
• Dubois, Felix; White, Diana (trans.) (1896), Timbuctoo the mysterious, New York: Longmans, http://www.archive.org/details/timbuctoomyster01whitgoog .
• Dunn, Ross E. (2005), The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-24385-4 . Originally published in 1986, ISBN 0-520-05771-6.
• Fage, J.D. (1956), An Introduction to the History of West Africa, London: Cambridge University Press, pp. 22, http://books.google.com/books?id=RDw9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=an+introduction+to+the+history+of+west+africa&hl=en&ei=GHWGTeC7BIfsOYW7uNkI&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false 
• Hacquard, Augustin (1900), Monographie de Tombouctou, Paris: Société des études coloniales & maritimes, http://www.archive.org/details/monographiedeto00hacqgoog . Also available from Gallica.
• Houdas, Octave (ed. and trans.) (1901) (in French), Tedzkiret en-nisiān fi Akhbar molouk es-Soudān, Paris: E. Laroux, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5444371d.r=houdas.langEN . The anonymous 18th century Tadhkirat al-Nisyan is a biographical dictionary of the pashas of Timbuktu from the Moroccan conquest up to 1750.
• Hunwick, J.O. (2000), "Timbuktu", Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume X (2nd ed.), Leiden: Brill, pp. 508–510, ISBN 90-04-11211-1, http://www.archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofIslam10/Vol.10t-u#page/n532/mode/1up .
• Hunwick, John O. (2003), Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents, Leiden: Brill, ISBN 0585-6914 . First published in 1999 as ISBN 90-04-11207-3.
• Imperato, Pascal James (1989), Mali: A Search for Direction, Westview Press, ISBN 1-85521-049-5 .
• Insoll, Timothy (2002), "The Archaeology of Post Medieval Timbuktu", Sahara 13: 7–22, Archived from the original on 2012-03-08, https://web.archive.org/web/20120308022932/http://www.insoll.org/Timbuktu%20Sahara.pdf, retrieved on 2012-07-06 .
• Insoll, Timothy (1997), "Iron Age Gao: an archaeological contribution", Journal of African History 38: 1–30 .
• Jackson, James Grey (1820), An Account of Timbuctoo and Housa, Territories in the Interior of Africa By El Hage Abd Salam Shabeeny, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, http://books.google.nl/books?id=BAtFAAAAIAAJ .
• Jeppie, Shamil (2008), "Re/discovering Timbuktu", in Jeppie, Shamil; Diagne, Souleymane Bachir, The Meanings of Timbuktu, Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp. 1–17, ISBN 978-0-7969-2204-5, Archived from the original on 2021-04-24, https://web.archive.org/web/20210424065552/http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/The_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_1_-_Re_discovering_Timbuktu.pdf, retrieved on 2012-07-06 .
• Kaba, Lansine (1981), "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)", Journal of African History 22 (4): 457–475, doi:10.1017/S0021853700019861, PMID 11632225 .
• Leo Africanus (1896), The History and Description of Africa (3 Vols), Brown, Robert, editor, London: Hakluyt Society . A facsimile of Pory's English translation of 1600 together with an introduction and notes by the editor. Internet Archive: Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3
• Levtzion, Nehemia (1973), Ancient Ghana and Mali, London: Methuen, ISBN 0-8419-0431-6, http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip100013 . Link requires subscription to Aluka.
• Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000), Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press, ISBN 1-55876-241-8 . First published in 1981 by Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-22422-5.
• McIntosh, Roderick J. (2008), "Before Timbuktu: Cities of the elder world", in Jeppie, Shamil; Diagne, Souleymane Bachir, The Meanings of Timbuktu, HSRC Press, pp. 31–43, ISBN 978-0-7969-2204-5, Archived from the original on 2020-09-27, https://web.archive.org/web/20200927230051/https://codesria.org/IMG/pdf/The_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_3_-_Before_Timbuktu__cities_of_the_elder_world.pdf, retrieved on 2012-07-06 .
• McIntosh, Roderick (1993), "The pulse model: genesis and accommodation of specialization in the Middle Niger", Journal of African History 34: 181–220 .
• McIntosh, Roderick (1989), "Middle Niger Terracottas before the Symplegades Gateway", African Arts 22: 74-83+103-102 .
• McIntosh, Roderick J.; McIntosh, Susan Keech (1981), "The inland Niger delta before the empire of Mali: evidence from Jenne-jeno", Journal of African History 22: 1–22, doi:10.1017/S0021853700018983 . Also available from Rice University.
• McIntosh, Susan Keech (ed.) (1995), Excavations at Jenné-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 season, Berkeley: University of California Press, doi:10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip100038, ISBN 0-520-09785-8, http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip100038 . Link requires subscription to Aluka.
• McIntosh, Susan Keech; McIntosh, Roderick J. (1986), "Archaeological reconnaissance in the region of Timbuktu", National Geographic Research 2: 302–319, http://anthropology.rice.edu/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=480 .
• Miner, Horace (1953), The primitive city of Timbuctoo, Princeton University Press, http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip200008 . Link requires subscription to Aluka. Reissued by Anchor Books, New York in 1965.
• Park, Douglas (2012), "Timbuktu und die selbstorganisierenden Gesellschaften der Vorzeit", Wespennest 162: Set to Print in May 2012, http://yale.academia.edu/DouglasPark/Papers/1269476/Prehistoric_Timbuktu_and_its_hinterland .
• Park, Douglas (2011), Climate Change, Human Response and the Origins of Urbanism at Prehistoric Timbuktu, PhD thesis, Yale University, Department of Anthropology, http://yale.academia.edu/DouglasPark/Papers/1269839/Climate_Change_Human_Response_and_the_Origins_of_Urbanism_at_Timbuktu_Archaeological_Investigations_into_the_Prehistoric_Urbanism_of_the_Timbuktu_Region_on_the_Niger_Bend_Mali_West_Africa .
• Park, Douglas (2010), "Timbuktu and its prehistoric hinterland", Antiquity 84: 1076–1088, http://yale.academia.edu/DouglasPark/Papers/1269476/Prehistoric_Timbuktu_and_its_hinterland .
• Saad, Elias N. (1983), Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24603-2 .

Karagdagang babasan

• es-Sadi, Abderrahman (1898–1900), Tarikh es-Soudan, Houdas, Octave ed. and trans., Paris: E. Leroux . (Vol. 1 contains the Arabic text, Vol. 2 contains a translation into French). Internet Archive: Volume 1; Volume 2; Gallica: Volume 2.
• Gramont, Sanche de (1976), The Strong Brown God: The story of the Niger River, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-25224-5 .
• Houdas, Octave (ed. and trans.) (1901), Tedzkiret en-nisiān fi Akhbar molouk es-Soudān, Paris: E. Laroux, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5444371d.r=houdas.langEN . The anonymous 18th century Tadhkirat al-Nisyan is a biographical dictionary of the pashas of Timbuktu from the Moroccan conquest up to 1750.
• Jenkins, Mark, (June 1997) To Timbuktu, ISBN 978-0-688-11585-2 William Marrow & Co. Revealing travelogue along the Niger to Timbuktu
• Hunwick, John O.; Boye, Alida Jay; Hunwick, Joseph (2008), The Hidden Treasures of Timbuktu: Historic city of Islamic Africa, London: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-51421-4 .
• Insoll, Timothy (2001–2002), "The archaeology of post-medieval Timbuktu", Sahara 13: 7–11, Archived from the original on 2012-03-08, https://web.archive.org/web/20120308022932/http://www.insoll.org/Timbuktu%20Sahara.pdf, retrieved on 2012-07-06 .
• Joffre, Joseph (1895) (in French), Opérations de la colonne Joffre avant et après l'occupation de Tombouctou, Paris: Berger-Levrault, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5625975c/f5.image .
• Joffre, Joseph; Dimnet, Ernest (ed. and trans.) (1915), My March to Timbuctoo, New York: Druffield, http://www.archive.org/details/mymarchtotimbuc01dimngoog .
• Kâti, Mahmoûd Kâti ben el-Hâdj el-Motaouakkel (1913) (in French), Tarikh el-fettach ou Chronique du chercheur, pour servir à l'histoire des villes, des armées et des principaux personnages du Tekrour, Houdas, O., Delafosse, M. ed. and trans., Paris: Ernest Leroux, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5439466q . Also available from Aluka but requires subscription.
• Kryza, Frank T. (2006), The race for Timbuktu: In search of Africa's city of gold, New York NY: Harper Collins, ISBN 0-06-056064-9 .
• Masonen, Pekka (2000), The Negroland Revisited: Discovery and Invention of the Sudanese Middle Ages, Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, ISBN 951-41-0886-8 .
• Mauny, Raymond (1961) (in French), Tableau géographique de l'ouest africain au moyen age, d’après les sources écrites, la tradition et l'archéologie, Dakar: Institut français d'Afrique Noire .
• Park, Douglas; Coutros, Peter; Abdallahi, Mohamoud; Ould Sidi, Ali (2010) (in French), Rapport sur la troisiéme champagne de research à Tombouctou préhistorique, Field Report to the Direction Nationale du Patrimoine Culturel, Bamako, http://yale.academia.edu/DouglasPark/Papers/1554818/_3_--_LA_CAMPAGNE_DE_RECHERCHE_ARCHEOLOGIQUE_DANS_LA_REGION_DE_TOMBOUCTOU_ET_LA_REGION_DES_LACS_RAPPORT_SUR_LA_TROISIEME_CAMPAGNE_DE_RESEARCH_A_TOMBOUCTOU_PREHISTORIQUE .
• Park, Douglas; Coutros, Useman; Kone (2009) (in French), Rapport sur la deuxiéme champagne de research à Tombouctou préhistorique, Field Report to the Direction Nationale du Patrimoine Culturel, Bamako, http://yale.academia.edu/DouglasPark/Papers/1553213/_2_--_LA_CAMPAGNE_DE_FOUILLE_ARCHEOLOGIQUE_A_TOMBOUCTOU_RAPPORT_SUR_LA_DEUXIEME_CAMPAGNE_DE_RECHERCHE_A_TOMBOUCTOU .
• Park, Douglas; Togola, Boubacar (2008) (in French), Rapport sur la première champagne de research à Tombouctou préhistorique, Field Report to the Direction Nationale du Patrimoine Culturel, Bamako, http://yale.academia.edu/DouglasPark/Papers/1553132/_1_--_ETUDE_ARCHEOLOGIQUE_PRELIMINAIRE_DANS_LA_PROXIMITE_DE_TOMBOUCTOU_RAPPORT_SUR_LA_PREMIERE_CAMPAGNE_DE_RECHERCHE_A_TOMBOUCTOU .
• Staros, Kari A. (1996), Route to Glory: The Developments of the Trans-Saharan and Trans-Mediterranean Trade Routes, SI University Honor Theses, http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/uhp_theses/74/ .
• Trimingham, John Spencer (1962), A History of Islam in West Africa, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-285038-5 .

Suglung palwal

Ing Wikimedia Commons atin yang mediang maki kaugnayan kang/king:

Timbuktu

Atiu king Wikisource ing articulu ning 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Timbuktu.

• Saharan Archaeological Research Association Archived Oktubri 21, 2016 at the Wayback Machine - contains information on the archaeological projects targeting the Iron Age occupation of Timbuktu
• Ancient West Africa's Megacities - contains video footage of Timbuktu's Iron Age occupation
• Islamic Manuscripts from Mali, Library of Congress – fuller presentation of the same manuscripts from the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library
• Timbuktu materials in the Aluka digital library
• Timbuktu manuscripts: Africa’s written history unveiled, The UNESCO Courier, 2007-5, pp. 7–9
• Ancient chroniclers of West Africa's past; journeys of discovery through the 'country of the black people', The UNESCO Courier, October 1959

Template:Niger River Template:Communes of the Tombouctou Region